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Appreciation towards Architecture and Engineering Co. Ltd. of southeast University for providing the following description:

汤山古猿人洞景区位于南京市区以东的一处山谷之中，因发现古猿人遗址而闻名，一直是南京近郊的著名游览地。景区所在的地区属于城乡结合处，在历史上一直是重要的交通要道，一条东西走向的道路沿着山谷穿越而过。由于山体和道路之间的距离近、空间比较局促，再加上场地中有一条排水渠，使得景区用地、停车场用地、社区公共用地之间相互制约，猿人洞景区因此一直饱受交通不畅、形象不突出以及服务设施不足等问题的困扰。

The Tangshan Ancient Ape-man Cave Scenic Area, nestled in a valley to the east of Nanjing city, is celebrated for the discovery of ancient ape-man relics and has long been a renowned tourist attraction on the outskirts of Nanjing. Situated at the rural-urban fringe, this area has historically served as a vital transportation corridor, with an east-west road traversing the valley. The close proximity and confined space between the mountain and the road, along with the existence of a drainage ditch, have led to mutual constraints in land use for the scenic area, parking facilities, and community public spaces. Consequently, the Tangshan Ancient Ape-man Cave Scenic Area has been persistently troubled by issues such as traffic congestion, a lack of distinctive features, and insufficient service amenities.

▼项目概览，project overview © 时差影像

▼项目鸟瞰，bird ‘s-eye view of the project © 时差影像

2017年，汤山文化旅游区管委会对猿人洞景区入口区域进行整体更新。改造后的景区主广场面向道路开放，其顺应山势的流线型的空间形态不仅受到游客欢迎，这个难得的公共开敞空间同时也成为周边社区居民日常聚集的场所。公交停车场和社会停车场被重新布置在主广场的西侧，它们的出入口各自独立，并沿水渠设有专用人行步道将游人引导至主广场，这样的举措让进入景区的人流与车流得以分离，解决狭窄入口区的交通问题。主广场以东的入口小广场一方面连接着景区的大门，另一方面还通向一个无动力儿童乐园。此外，入口区还更新了两处游客服务建筑，它们分别坐落于两处原有建筑的基底之上，一个是靠近停车场利用原有售票处用地重新修建的包含公共卫生间的游客服务点，另一个就是利用原有公交场站办公楼用地修建的景区配套服务建筑。

▼区位图，location map © 时差影像

▼建筑生成分析图，building generation analysis diagram © 东大院ATA工作室

In 2017, the Management Committee of the Tangshan Cultural Tourism Zone undertook a comprehensive renovation of the entrance area of the Yuanren Cave Scenic Area. The main square of the renovated scenic spot now opens directly onto the road, and its streamlined spatial design, which follows the natural contours of the mountain, has proven highly popular among tourists. Moreover, this rare public open space has become a daily gathering spot for residents from the surrounding communities. The bus and social parking lots have been repositioned to the west side of the main square, each with its own independent entrance and exit. Dedicated pedestrian pathways run alongside the water channel, guiding visitors smoothly to the main square. This arrangement effectively separates pedestrian and vehicular traffic, alleviating congestion in the narrow entrance area. To the east of the main square lies a smaller entrance square, which serves as a connection to the scenic spot’s main gate and also provides access to a non-motorized children’s playground. Additionally, two tourist service facilities have been updated in the entrance area, both constructed on the foundations of the original buildings. One is a tourist service point equipped with public restrooms, rebuilt on the site of the former ticket office near the parking lot. The other is a supporting service building for the scenic spot, constructed on the site of the former bus station office building.

▼建筑布局鸟瞰，bird ‘s-eye view of the building layout © 时差影像

值得注意的是，此次猿人洞景区入口区域更新改造的目的，不仅是对景区设施的一次提升，同时也是对这块处于狭窄谷地的社区进行的一次功能织补。譬如环境优美的公共开放广场成为本地居民乐于前往的场所，无动力儿童乐园也将被打造为受欢迎的游玩目的地，同时配建一座特色餐厅来满足人们的聚餐需求。这种将公益性质与商业性质结合起来的功能配置是出于对项目后期运营的考虑，即通过商业盈利来平衡景区设施的维护和管理成本，这是项目能否可持续发展的关键要素之一。

It is worth noting that the renovation and upgrade of the entrance area at the Ape-man Cave Scenic Spot aim not only to improve the scenic spot’s facilities but also to functionally enhance the community nestled in this narrow valley. For example, the aesthetically pleasing public open square has become a favored gathering place for local residents, and the passive children’s playground is set to be transformed into a popular recreational destination. Moreover, a distinctive restaurant will be built to meet people’s dining needs. This functional layout, which blends public welfare with commercial interests, is designed with the project’s long-term operation in mind. Specifically, it seeks to offset the maintenance and management costs of the scenic spot through commercial revenues, a crucial factor for the project’s sustainable development.

▼公益性质与商业性质结合，blend public welfare with commercial interests © 时差影像

建筑作为用地划分的界线
Buildings serve as the boundaries for land use division

通常在封闭的收费景区进行空间界线划定时我们会见到大门加围墙这样简单而直接的方式，但猿人洞景区入口区狭窄的地理环境以及多诉求的功能需求，试图赋予这个空间界线以更多的涵义和用途。

When delineating spatial boundaries in enclosed, ticketed scenic areas, we typically encounter the simple and direct method of using gates and fences. However, given the narrow geographical conditions at the entrance of the Yuanren Cave Scenic Area and its multifaceted functional requirements, we strive to imbue this spatial boundary with greater significance and versatility.

▼入口处，the entrance © 时差影像

▼多用途的空间界线，multi-purpose spatial boundaries © 时差影像

场地中原有的公交场站办公楼是一个长条形的二层砖混结构建筑，它之所以呈线性布局主要是因为沿着一条排水渠修建的原因，而建筑的另一侧是景区内的一块扇形的林地。受制于这些条件，设计依托了原有建筑的基底重新布局了一座布局相似的一字型建筑。考虑到汇水以及暴雨时的行洪因素，原本敞开的排水渠在建筑这一段被改造成为地下的箱涵，地面上则利用一个景观水塘来作为地表径流的汇集水体。这个滨水的新建两层高坡屋顶建筑，其功能为社区餐厅，一层为堂座和包间，二层为可举办宴会的大厅，满足了旅行团及当地人的宴会需求。

▼剖透视，sectional perspective drawing © 东大院ATA工作室

The original office building of the bus station on the site is a two-story, elongated, brick-and-concrete structure. Its linear arrangement is primarily a result of its construction alongside a drainage channel, with the other side of the building adjacent to a fan-shaped woodland within the scenic area. Given these constraints, the design reconfigures a similarly laid-out, linear building by utilizing the existing building’s foundation. Taking into account factors like water convergence and flood routing during heavy rainfall, the previously open drainage channel in this building section has been converted into an underground box culvert, while a landscape pond has been created on the surface to collect surface runoff. This newly built, two-story building with a high-pitched roof by the waterfront functions as a community restaurant, featuring a dining hall and private rooms on the first floor, and a banquet hall on the second floor capable of hosting events, thereby catering to the dining needs of both tour groups and local residents.

▼新建的两层建筑，the newly-built two-story building © 时差影像

原有办公楼南侧的扇形场地被建设成为一个林下的无动力儿童乐园，因为乐园是独立运营，需要对其进行封闭管理，因此设计上采用了一个连续的Z型的条状建筑来进行场地的分隔，向内利用一个儿童餐厅对林下的乐园进行了物理空间的围合，向外又与社区餐厅一起围合出了入口小广场，以方便游客在此集散，建筑面向游客来向布置了售票处、问询处等服务用房，靠山体一侧分别设置儿童乐园和猿人洞景区的出入口，两者之间用一个透明的纪念品商店来进行区隔。

▼爆炸图，Exploded-view drawing © 东大院ATA工作室

The fan-shaped area located on the south side of the original office building has been developed into an under-forest, non-motorized children’s playground. Given that the playground operates independently, enclosed management is necessary. Consequently, a continuous Z-shaped strip building has been designed to demarcate the space. Internally, a children’s restaurant physically encloses the under-forest playground, while externally, it works in conjunction with the community restaurant to define a small entrance square, facilitating the easy gathering and dispersal of visitors. The building is oriented to face the incoming visitors, with service facilities such as ticket booths and information counters arranged accordingly. On the side adjacent to the mountain, separate entrances and exits have been established for the children’s playground and the Ape-man Cave scenic area, with a transparent souvenir shop serving as a divider between them.

▼小广场，the small square © 时差影像

▼回廊空间与服务用房，the corridor space and service facilities © 时差影像

Z字型建筑与一字型建筑之间利用一条窄长的庭院和一个天井相互脱开，庭院满足了一层包间的通风采光需求，而天井则被用来集中放置空调外机。建筑的东端靠近景区的车行入口，因此将厨房布置在这个区域有利于货物运输，同时厨房也把一字型建筑和Z字型建筑的东端连接在一起，作为对外服务的社区餐厅和对内服务的儿童餐厅的共同的后场空间。

The Z-shaped building and the linear building are separated by a narrow, elongated courtyard and a patio. The courtyard adequately provides ventilation and lighting for the private rooms on the first floor, while the patio is designated for the centralized placement of air conditioning units. The eastern end of the structure is situated near the vehicle entrance of the scenic area, making it advantageous to locate the kitchen in this vicinity for efficient cargo transportation. Additionally, the kitchen links the eastern ends of both the linear and Z-shaped buildings, functioning as a shared backstage area for both the community restaurant, which serves external patrons, and the children’s restaurant, which caters to internal guests.

▼户外庭院，the outdoor courtyard © 时差影像

用材料和建造重新定义场所
Redefine the place with materials and construction

猿人洞因在山上的溶洞中发现直立人化石而闻名，洞穴是整个景区游线中的高潮部分，因此前区的建筑物和构筑物不应以喧宾夺主的姿态出现，如何与平缓的山脊相协调以及如何增强其引导性是建筑需要考虑的首要问题，所以建筑以“卧”的姿态坐落在山脚下，并没有将自身塑造成模仿洞穴的形态或者是仿古建筑形象，因为人为缩短时间的差距只会毁掉历史遗迹真正的价值，而是通过连续性的檐廊灰空间，让建筑看上去更像一位的“引导者”，以欢迎和谦逊的姿态带领参观者走进历史遗迹。

The Ape-man Cave gained its fame for the discovery of Homo erectus fossils in the karst caves atop the mountain. As the cave represents the pinnacle of the entire scenic route, the buildings and structures in the forefront should not overshadow this main attraction. The primary architectural considerations are how to harmonize with the gently sloping mountain ridge and enhance its guiding function. Therefore, the building adopts a “reclining” posture at the foot of the mountain, avoiding any resemblance to the cave’s form or an antiquated architectural style. Artificially bridging the temporal gap would only undermine the true value of historical relics. Instead, through a continuous grey space created by eaves galleries, the building assumes the role of a “guide”, welcoming and humbly ushering visitors into the historical site.

▼欢迎和谦逊的姿态，A welcoming and humble attitude © 时差影像

同时建筑有着自己的“在场”方式，它试图从材料和建造方式上来体现自己的在地特征。汤山因其石灰岩地质而闻名，山体被竹木所覆盖，再加上距今50万年的遗址，因此建筑选取了土、石、竹木这样的自然材料来作为表达，这些材料经过人为的加工，从而变得坚固、耐久和易于施工，这或许也是史前时代的猿人在洞穴中使用工具的目的。

Meanwhile, architecture possesses its unique way of “being present,” striving to manifest its local characteristics through the choice of materials and construction techniques. Tangshan is famous for its limestone geology, with its mountains draped in bamboo and wood, and home to a 500,000-year-old archaeological site. Consequently, the architecture employs natural materials like earth, stone, bamboo, and wood as its medium of expression. These materials, once processed by human hands, become robust, enduring, and easy to work with, which might also have been the intent behind prehistoric humans’ use of tools in caves.

▼建筑的自然材料，natural materials of architecture © 时差影像

夯土为墙，即使不是简单的围墙，但墙依旧在建筑中扮演着重要的角色。在加入钢筋、水泥等现代材料后，夯土墙的抗裂性和防水性得到改善，在纵横向墙体的相互的配合下，长长的夯土墙起到了物理空间分隔的作用，也似一条主线，让其它的空间附着其上生长出来。工程竹作为一种工业化胶合生物质材，通过钢连接板，让其具备了装配式的特点，工程竹框架结构与夯土墙脱开设置，让内部空间具备了根据功能灵活分隔的可能，并且因为结构自重轻、基础小的特点，这让建筑在水渠和树林之间的场地施工时具备较为优秀的适应性。

▼工程竹结构轴测，axonometric projection drawing of engineered bamboo structure © 东大院ATA工作室

Rammed earth walls, far from being mere simple fences, continue to play a pivotal role in architecture. The incorporation of modern materials like steel and cement has enhanced the crack resistance and waterproofing capabilities of these walls. With the interplay of longitudinal and transverse walls, the elongated rammed earth walls not only serve as physical space dividers but also function as a central axis, around which other spaces can develop and attach. Engineered bamboo, an industrialized glued biomass material, gains prefabricated features through steel connection plates. The engineered bamboo frame structure is designed to be independent of the rammed earth wall, enabling flexible internal space division based on functional needs. Furthermore, its light structural weight and small foundation requirements endow the building with remarkable adaptability for construction in areas nestled between canals and forests.

▼立面细部，facade details © 时差影像

▼夯土墙细部，rammed earth wall details © 时差影像

小尺寸的轻型钢结构同样具备装配式的特点。长条状的社区餐厅采用钢框架结构体系，建筑一层门廊的屋顶到二层宴会厅的屋顶之间采用了依次抬升的方式进行过渡，这让建筑在朝向人流的来向呈现出重檐的形象，屋架采用了张弦梁结构来减小钢梁的截面尺寸。而在临水塘一侧，长长的水平屋檐下阵列着几个临水餐厅包间，厨房的外墙则以一道夯土墙与屋檐脱开，二层的屋面也在尾段利用楼梯间的造型在夯土墙上形成一处形体的咬合。建筑利用墙、檐、园这些要素组合在一起重构出了场所的新秩序。

The small-scale lightweight steel structure also embodies the features of prefabrication. The elongated community restaurant is constructed with a steel frame structure system. The roof of the first-floor porch gradually ascends to that of the second-floor banquet hall, creating a double-eaved facade that faces the direction of pedestrian movement. The roof truss utilizes a stressed ribbon structure to minimize the cross-sectional dimensions of the steel beams. Along the pond side, several waterfront dining booths are neatly arranged beneath long, horizontal eaves. The kitchen’s exterior wall is set apart from the eaves by a rammed earth wall. Additionally, the second-floor roof integrates with the rammed earth wall at its end, using the staircase’s form to create a visual interlock. The building harmonizes elements like walls, eaves, and gardens to forge a new spatial order.

▼不同材料间的咬合，the interlocking between different materials © 时差影像

与环境对话的建筑细部
Architectural details in dialogue with the environment

建筑除了用小体量、通透感和轻质化的特征来表达对场地的低干扰意愿之外，建筑在局部细节上也体现出与自然环境对话的姿态。社区餐厅入口处的几道毛石砌筑矮墙，界定出两片朝水面跌落的平台，成为餐厅轻松惬意的外摆空间。窄长庭院里的夯土墙顶的混凝土压顶朝庭院一侧伸出一排阵列的水舌，另一侧面向一层儿童餐厅的坡屋面出挑一条通长的内天沟，天沟正好嵌在墙体和工程竹柱子之间。水舌排走内天沟的雨水，其下方利用混凝土水槽来承接落下的雨水，这“一吐一纳”的景象颇具中国人文象征性，也成为庭院中餐厅的对景。

Besides conveying a low-impact approach to the site through its compact size, transparency, and lightweight construction, the building also engages in a dialogue with the natural environment through its meticulous local details. At the entrance of the community restaurant, several low walls constructed from rubble masonry delineate two platforms that gently slope down towards the water, creating a relaxed and inviting outdoor dining area. Within the narrow courtyard, a series of water spouts extend from the concrete cap atop the rammed-earth wall towards the courtyard, while on the opposite side, a continuous internal gutter projects from the sloping roof of the first-floor children’s restaurant, nestling seamlessly between the wall and engineered bamboo columns. The water spouts channel rainwater from the internal gutter, with a concrete trough below catching the cascading water. This interplay of “inhalation and exhalation” is rich in Chinese cultural symbolism and also provides a picturesque backdrop for the restaurant in the courtyard.

▼社区餐厅，the community restaurant © 时差影像

▼外摆空间，the outdoor dining area © 时差影像

建筑东端厨房的的屋顶，是一个接近树冠并能眺望猿人洞山体的室外平台，这里营造出宜人的室外就餐氛围。窗，是室内人物认知室外景致的媒介，本设计中对窗的处理因其所处位置有异而呈现出不同的形式。朝向水塘的一层包间利用屋檐下相互脱开的玻璃盒子让用餐的人有一种被室外环境包裹的感觉，二层的宴会厅采用水平向的长窗，山林的景象仿佛一幅画卷沿室内展开。黑色的钛锌板金属屋顶与下部的夯土和竹木的浅暖色形成对比，屋顶上的顶窗和高侧窗，又为树梢、光影出现在建筑室内的顶部提供了契机，这些举措都在不断的促进室内的使用者与室外环境之间的对话。

The kitchen roof at the eastern end of the building doubles as an outdoor platform, offering a vantage point near the tree canopy with a view of the Yuanren Cave mountain, fostering a delightful outdoor dining experience. Windows act as a conduit for indoor occupants to connect with the outdoor scenery. In this design, the treatment of windows varies according to their locations. The glass boxes, separated by eaves in the first-floor private rooms overlooking the pond, envelop diners in the outdoor ambiance, while the horizontal long windows in the second-floor banquet hall unfurl the mountain forest scenery like a painting along the interior walls. The black titanium zinc plate metal roof contrasts sharply with the light, warm tones of the rammed earth and bamboo below, and the skylights and high side windows on the roof offer glimpses of tree tops and dappled light at the building’s interior apex. These design elements continually foster a dialogue between indoor occupants and the outdoor environment.

▼一层包间，the private rooms in the first-floor © 时差影像

▼水平向长窗，the horizontal long windows © 时差影像

▼餐厅屋顶，roof of the restaurant © 时差影像

▼纪念品商店，the souvenir shop © 时差影像

结语
conclusion

靠近社区的景区入口空间，不仅仅是属于景区的专属品，其山、水、林也孕育着当地人的生活习惯和传统，是属于社区居民共有的资产，因此在景区边界的处理上，需要多一些多义性和共享性，补充一些社区的功能短板，同时降低生硬的隔离带来的冷漠感，为游览者创造更多停留的空间场所，将有助于建筑作为鲜活的机体融入社区、融入自然，并成为鼓励公共行为发生的场所。

The entrance space of the scenic area adjacent to the community is not just an exclusive feature of the scenic spot itself. The mountains, waters, and forests within this space also foster the local residents’ lifestyles and traditions, rendering them shared assets of the community. Hence, when delineating the boundaries of the scenic area, it is advisable to incorporate more versatility and inclusivity, addressing some of the community’s functional deficiencies while mitigating the sense of alienation caused by rigid separation. By creating more spaces for visitors to stay and explore, we can facilitate the seamless integration of architecture as a vibrant entity into both the community and nature, transforming it into a venue that fosters public engagement.

▼夜景，night view © 时差影像

▼细部设计，detail design © 时差影像

▼总平面图，general layout plan © 东大院ATA工作室

▼一层平面，ground floor plan © 东大院ATA工作室

▼二层平面，second floor plan © 东大院ATA工作室

▼立面及剖面，elevation and sectional views © 东大院ATA工作室

项目信息
项目名称:南京汤山猿人洞景区配套建筑
项目完成年份:2022
建筑面积:2382㎡
建筑事务所/公司/机构/单位:东南大学建筑设计研究院有限公司建筑技术与艺术（ATA）工作室
事务所/公司/机构/单位网站: http://adri.seu.edu.cn
联络邮箱: ad@adriseu.com
公司所在地:中国南京四牌楼2#
主创建筑师: 李竹 Li Zhu
主创建筑师邮箱: 125068428@qq.com
联系方式：13813827088(微信同号)
项目地址:江苏省南京市汤山街道
项目参与者
设计团队: 李竹、王嘉峻、吴威、杨梓轩
委托方: 南京汤山建设投资发展有限公司
结构、机电设计: 东南大学建筑设计研究院有限公司综合五院综合四院
整体区域景观设计：Hassell上海事务所
施工方: 南京西部路桥集团有限公司汤山分公司
视觉信息
摄影师:时差影像 Timeraw Studio
摄影师邮箱:timeraw@qq.com

MORE: 东南大学建筑设计研究院有限公司 Architecture and Engineering Co. Ltd. of southeast University ，更多请至：Architecture and Engineering Co. Ltd. of southeast University on gooood

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S'Agaró联排别墅，西班牙 / MIAS Architects

威奇托州立大学巴顿商学院–伍尔西楼，美国 / Gensler

House of Quad现代住宅，印度 / Thomas Parambil Architects

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