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数十年来，人类一直在畅想登陆火星并在那里定居。如今，多家企业正在积极研发火箭运输系统，其中一些的目标是将一百万人送上火星。但人们将居住在哪里呢？“火星水环”（Mars Hydrosphere）是一个设想中的水下商业城市，建于火星一处陨石坑内部。水是维持生命的必要资源。人类平均每天大约需要消耗150升水。根据美国国家航空航天局（NASA）与喷气推进实验室（JPL）2008年“凤凰号”探测器的证据，火星表面存在大量水冰。火星的辐射暴露是人类居住的一大风险，而氢元素（或水）是对抗辐射的有效屏障。

For decades, people have speculated about settling on Mars. Companies are actively developing rocket-based transportation systems, some with the goal of moving a million people to Mars. But where will they live? Mars Hydrosphere is a concept for an underwater merchant city built inside a crater on Mars. Water is necessary for sustaining life. The average human consumes approximately one hundred fifty liters per day. There is proven evidence of an abundance of water ice on Mars, as shown by the 2008 NASA/JPL Phoenix probe. Radiation exposure is a risk of living on Mars. Hydrogen (or water) is an effective shield against radiation.

▼火星水环渲染图，Mars Hydrosphere rendering ©Clouds Architecture Office

“火星水环”是一个建于巨大水体中的人类聚居地，可供约1万人长期居住。水不仅具有良好的热绝缘性能，其透明特性也使其如同“液体天空”，能够引入自然阳光。这不仅有助于调节生理节律与心理健康，也能提升功能性与生产效率。

Mars Hydrosphere is a human settlement located within the water reservoir that would be necessary to sustain a population of 10,000 people. Water is a good thermal insulator, while its transparency will act as a liquid sky, allowing access to natural sunlight. This would not only help maintain circadian rhythms and mental wellbeing, but also increase functionality and productivity.

▼火星水环渲染图，Mars Hydrosphere rendering ©Clouds Architecture Office

选址
Site

洛厄尔陨石坑（Lowell Crater）位于火星南半球，是为数不多的海拔足够低、适合航天器直接着陆的地点之一。该陨石坑为结构完整的复杂环形坑，其阶地与中央峰环可为研究大型盆地形成机制提供重要线索，不仅适用于火星，也适用于整个太阳系。其高纬度位置提高了从风化层中获取水冰的几率，可用于人类生活和燃料转化资源。此外，该地点适合作为贸易与物流枢纽，有助于未来进一步探索和理解火星。

Lowell Crater is one of the few places on Mars in the southern hemisphere that is at a low enough elevation to facilitate direct landings for spacecraft. As a relatively pristine complex crater, its terraces and peak ring can provide insights into large basin formation, not just on Mars but across the solar system, adding science value to this location. Being at a high southerly latitude increases the chances of finding water ice in the regolith as a resource for people and fuel. Its position is well suited as a anchor trading and logistics hub, facilitating further exploration and understanding of Mars.

▼洛厄尔陨石坑剖面，Lowell Crater section ©Clouds Architecture Office

水资源
Water

生命离不开水。人类至少需要洁净的水用于饮用、烹饪、清洗及农业灌溉。以纽约市为例，该市拥有7个水库，总蓄水量超过5520亿加仑，为五个行政区内约825万人口提供供水，相当于人均储水66,970加仑。纽约市日均用水为10亿加仑，人均日用水量为120加仑，显著高于欧洲平均的40加仑。本设计参考欧洲标准，设定人均每日用水40加仑，人均储水60,000加仑，总储水量达6亿加仑（约22.7亿升）。

Life depends on water. At a minimum people need clean water for drinking, cooking, washing and agricultural irrigation. New York City has seven water reservoirs with a total capacity of more than 552 billion gallons, serving a population of 8.25 million residents in the five boroughs, this is a storage allotment of 66,970 gallons per person. On average, New York City water consumption is 1 billion gallons per day, or 120 gallons per person per day, which is higher than the European average of 40 gallons per person. The design proposes a daily usage of 40 gallons per day, and a total storage capacity of 60,000 gallons per person, which yields reservoir of 600 million gallons (2.27billion liters).

▼火星水环内的水体，water reservoir inside the Hydrosphere ©Clouds Architecture Office

该水体不仅用于日常消耗，更重要的是充当辐射屏障，可抵御火星表面有害的宇宙射线（GCR）与太阳粒子事件（SPE）。城市整体位于水面下5米处，提供足够的氢含量阻挡大部分有害伽马射线。水体的透明度可创造出“液体天空”，为内部空气穹顶提供天然光照。这种可呼吸的“泡泡式”空气层在一定程度上也可抵御微陨石撞击，形成一个类似地球的受控开放环境，适于公共聚会与活动。

This water reservoir is important not only for consumption, but also protection, as a shield against cosmic (GCR) and solar (SPE) radiation which occurs at harmful levels to human health on the surface of Mars. The city is designed to be submerged 5m below the surface of the water, providing an adequate amount of hydrogen to block most of the harmful gamma rays. The transparent liquid sky allows for efficient containment of a bubble of breathable air that is somewhat protected from micro-meteorite strikes, creating a conditioned open atmosphere similar to Earth’s surface. This affords the city a large public space for gatherings.

▼城市整体位于水面下5米处，the city is designed to be submerged 5m below the surface of the water ©Clouds Architecture Office

在火星的物理条件下，液态水并不自然存在，除非通过盐类（如高氯酸盐）降低其冰点。清水一般会直接由冰升华为水蒸气。该构想提出以密封加压容器储存盐水，利用城市内部的废热维持其液态，再通过海水淡化模块过滤出可供饮用的水。

Due to the physics of phase change for water, liquid water does not exist on Mars, unless its freezing point is lowered by salty perchlorates. Clear water would skip the liquid phase, sublimating directly from solid ice to vapor. The concept calls for saline water to be stored within a sealed pressurized reservoir, warmed by heat shed from the submerged city. Desalination pods would filter water for human consumption.

▼以密封加压容器储存盐水的构想，the concept calls for saline water to be stored within a sealed pressurized reservoir ©Clouds Architecture Office

压力系统
Pressure

城市结构设计基于空气压力与水压的平衡。水下透明穹顶的内部将保持1个标准大气压（112千帕），相当于水下30米的水压。这一平衡条件限制了城市垂直剖面的高度为25米以内。穹顶直径为400米，已达到悬链线结构所能承受的最大尺寸。城市整体呈碗状，由3D打印建造悬挂在充气气环上。部分结构深入水下，以增加有效层高与使用面积，提高居住密度。

▼压力系统，pressure ©Clouds Architecture Office

The layout of the city is contingent on the equilibrium between air and water pressures. The clear membrane underwater dome would be pressurized to 1.0 standard atmosphere (112 kPa), which is equal to the pressure of liquid water at a depth of 30m below the water’s surface. This constrains the cross-section of the city to a height of only 25m. The 400m diameter of the dome is maximized within the structural limits of catenary curvature. The 3d-printed bowl shaped city is hung from an air beam compression ring, part of this bowl is submerged to increase depth and usable floor area allowing for greater density of people.

▼透明穹顶下的公众生活，public under the underwater dome ©Clouds Architecture Office

结构系统
Structure

该水下建筑为充气张拉膜结构，依靠内部加压气体产生的浮力使城市悬浮。结构材料结合地球制造与火星就地制造两种方式。透明薄膜与高强度纤维缆索（如Dyneema）以轻质、可折叠形式从地球运送，是密闭张力穹顶的关键构件。城市的主要承重结构为压缩壳体，由火星陨坑中挖掘的风化层材料3D打印与烧结成型。运输火箭亦被改造为城市结构的一部分，作为精密的垂直交通核心，连接地表与水下城市，其原有的泵阀与进排气系统可用于调节内部气候与空气流通。

The underwater structure is a tensile inflated membrane dome, harnessing uplift forces from the pressurized atmosphere to keep the city afloat. It is a hybrid of Earth made and in situ fabricated materials. Lightweight, flat-packed transparent films and woven fiber cables (Dyneema) are shipped from Earth, and are the primary components of the airtight tensile dome. The floating city is a compression structure and can be fabricated from 3d-printed and sintered regolith, excavated from the crater itself. Transport rockets are repurposed and incorporated into the city structure as high precision manufactured vertical circulation elements facilitating communication between the underwater city and the surface above. Pumps, valves, intakes and outlets in the rockets can be used to distribute conditioned air for climate control systems..

▼居住空间，living space ©Clouds Architecture Office

▼模型，model ©Clouds Architecture Office

▼模型，model ©Clouds Architecture Office

▼轴测图，axonometric ©Clouds Architecture Office

▼屋顶花园层平面，roof garden level plan ©Clouds Architecture Office

▼公共区域层平面，public zone plan ©Clouds Architecture Office

▼居住区域层平面，residence zone plan ©Clouds Architecture Office

▼交易层平面，trading zone plan ©Clouds Architecture Office

▼剖面图，section ©Clouds Architecture Office

▼建造部署，deployment ©Clouds Architecture Office

Location: Lowell Crater, Mars
Date: May 2025
Project Team:
Design Architect: Clouds Architecture Office
Project Designers: Ostap Rudakevych, Masayuki Sono, Maria Clara Machado
Structural Engineer: Jun Sato, The University of Tokyo + Jun Sato Structural Engineers Co Ltd
Technical Collaborators:
Joseph Dituri PhD (University of South Florida) Kevin Kempton (NASA Langley Research Center) Kirby Runyon PhD (Planetary Science Institute) Luca Gamberini (Nemo’s Garden)
Jeffrey Montes (Blue Origin)
Stefan Harsan Farr (identityplus)
Jared W. G. Atkinson, PhD (Impossible Sensing Energy Inc)

More：Clouds Architecture Office ，更多关于： Clouds Architecture Office on gooood。

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