“没有一座房子应该凌驾于一座山丘或是任何东西上面，它应该融入那里，属于那里，它们和谐融洽地在那里相处。”

“No house should ever be on a hill or on anything. It should be of the hill, belonging to it. Hill and house should live together, each the happier for the other.”

—— 弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特 Frank Lloyd wright

在《城市环境建筑学研究系列:覆土建筑》中，描述覆土建筑为：覆土建筑艺术，不是单指以土覆盖着的建筑，也不单指地下建筑，而是指以土、石、木等作材料，与大自然密切联系着的建筑，英文称为Earth Sheltered Architecture。它是建筑学中新兴的一门综合学科，伴随着环境科学发展起来，它和以保护自然环境为宗旨的生态建筑学（Ecological Architecture）有密切的关系。

根据不同的形式，覆土建筑主要可以分为三大类，包括：下沉式，靠崖式，以及独立式。下沉式指建筑整体或大部分墙体位于地下，为了满足采光与通风的需求，下沉式覆土建筑通常会设置中庭或天井庭院。靠崖式指建筑设置在斜坡或山坡上，土质覆盖建筑屋顶与墙壁，这也是寒冷和温带气候中最受欢迎和最节能的覆土建筑形式。独立式也称土坝式，建筑完全位于地面以上，与下沉式，靠崖式相比，独立式覆土建筑的防水问题更少，建设成本更低。

In the Urban Environment Architecture Research Series: Earth-Sheltered Architecture: the Earth-Sheltered Architecture, not only refers to soil covered buildings or underground structures, but the architecture linked closely with earth, stone, wood, and nature. It is an emerging comprehensive discipline in Architecture. With the development of environmental science, it has a close relationship with Ecological Architecture, which aims to protect the natural environment.

According to the different forms, Earth-Sheltered Architecture can be divided into three main categories, including: Underground, In-hill, and Bermed. Underground type means that the whole or most of the walls of the building are located underground. In order to meet the needs of lighting and ventilation, Underground type earth-Sheltered buildings usually have atria or patio courtyards. In-hill refers to a building set on a slope or hillside, with the roof and walls of the building covered with earth. It is also the most popular and energy efficient earth-Sheltered building form in cold and temperate climates. Bermed type is completely located above the ground. Compared to the other types, this kind of building has fewer waterproofing problems and lower construction cost.

▼覆土建筑的不同类型，different types of the Earth-Sheltered Architecture ©appropedia

在节能方面，覆土建筑的优势显著。首先，建筑表层覆盖的泥土具有保温隔热的效果；白天，大约50%的太阳能热量被地表吸收贮存，而覆土建筑则利用土壤比热容大的特性，为室内营造出冬暖夏凉的舒适体感环境。其次，与传统的建筑相比，覆土建筑中的空气湿度较高，可达到50 – 70%，除了避免冬季房间干燥问题，还具有较高的防火性能。此外，由于有土壤的保护，覆土建筑还具有良好的防风、隔音、抗震等优势。最后，种植屋面的应用，使覆土建筑在生态与景观方面的优势更是无出其右的，正如莱特所说：“建筑是大地与太阳的儿子，大地比任何人为的环境都重要。一个建筑在其中的生活与其外界的自然关系越密切，就越具有生命力。”

In terms of energy conservation, Earth-Sheltered Architecture have obvious advantages. First of all, the earth covering the building surface has the effect of heat insulation. During the day, about 50% of the solar energy is absorbed and stored by the surface, while the Earth-Sheltered Architecture takes advantage of the high specific heat capacity of the soil to create a comfortable body feeling environment with warm in winter and cool in summer. Secondly, compared with traditional buildings, the air humidity in Earth-Sheltered Architecture, which can reach 50-70%. In addition to avoiding the problem of dry room in winter, it also has a high fire performance. In addition, due to the protection of soil, Earth-Sheltered Architecture also have good ventilation, sound insulation, anti-seismic advantages. Finally, the application of planting roof makes the Earth-Sheltered Architecture more ecology and blend in with the landscape.

▼密苏里州某覆土建筑室内外温度对比&传统建筑与覆土建筑能耗对比，Temperature stability graph of an earth sheltered house in Missouri & Comparison of monthly total energy usage in conventional above-ground and earth sheltered homes © kubue Jideofor Anselm

点击查看更多覆土建筑案例
More Earth-Sheltered Architecture Projects Click Below
覆土建筑 Earth-Sheltered Architecture

文化建筑

1.丹麦国家海事博物馆 / BIG&Kossmann.dejong+Rambøll+Freddy Madsen+KiBiSi
BIG Completes the Danish National Maritime Museum
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2.BIG新作开幕：TIRPITZ，丹麦西岸的“隐藏博物馆”
BIG Celebrates the Opening of TIRPITZ – A ‘Hidden Museum’ on the Danish West Coast
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3.Vucedol 文化博物馆，克罗地亚 / Radionica Arhitekture
Museum of Vucedol Culture / Radionica Arhitekture
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4.Liaunig博物馆扩建工程，奥地利 / Querkraft Architects
Museum Liaunig / Querkraft Architects
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5.Biesbosch博物馆岛，荷兰 / SMV
Biesbosch Museum Island by SMV
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6.扎哈新作梅斯纳尔山Corones博物馆 / Zaha Hadid Architects
Messner Mountain Museum Corones / Zaha Hadid Architects
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7.克罗地亚卡尔洛瓦茨淡水水族馆 / Studio 3LHD
Karlovac freshwater aquarium and museum of rivers by Studio 3LHD
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8.加莱里亚马里奥塞克拉美术馆, 葡萄牙 / Carvalho Araújo
Portugal Galeria Mário Sequeira by Carvalho Araújo
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9.九女孩纪念馆M9，智利 / Gonzalo Mardones Viviani
Memorial for 9 girls by Gonzalo Mardones Viviani
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10.龙湖超低能耗建筑主题馆，河北 / 素朴建筑
Passive house pavilion of Longfor Sundar, China by SUP Atelier
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11.岩体博物馆，丹麦 / BIG
BIG’s Blåvand Bunker Museum Moves Ahead
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景观规划

12.MAD设计的衢州体育公园破土动工
Construction Breaks Ground on MAD’s “Quzhou Sports Campus”
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13.峡谷森林：重庆文旅城滨河公园 / 承迹景观
Valley Forest: Waterfront Park of Chongqing Cultural Tourism Town, China by Change Studio
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教育建筑

14.首尔梨花女子大学教学楼设计，韩国 / Dominique Perrault Architecture
Ewha University Building by Dominique Perrault Architecture
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15.鲁昂车辆维修技术学校，法国 / archi5
Marcel Sembat High School , France by archi5
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16.克尔科诺谢山环境教育中心，波兰 / Petr Hajek Architekti
KCEV / Petr Hajek Architekti
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体育建筑

17.马赛NOTO-LUCCHESI露天体育场 / STUDIO NAOM*
NOTO-LUCCHESI STADIUM, Marseille by STUDIO NAOM*
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18.MOSM皮划艇训练中心，波兰 / RS+ Robert Skitek
Canoeing training center MOSM in Tychy by RS+ Robert Skitek
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商业建筑

19.爱彼博物馆，瑞士 / BIG
Musée Atelier Audemars Piguet by BIG
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20.九桥俱乐部地下会堂，韩国 / D·LIM Architects
Nine Bridges “The Forum” / D·LIM Architects
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21.卡托维兹国际会议中心，波兰 / JEMS
International Congress Centre Katowice by JEMS
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22.Ramat Hanadiv访客中心，以色列 / Ada Karmi-Melamede Architects
Ramat Hanadiv Visiting Center by Ada Karmi-Melamede Architects
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23.BP鹿特丹炼油厂设计的办公楼，荷兰 / GROUP A
Exterior & Interior Office BP Rotterdam Refinery by GROUP A
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24.花园下的办公室 / Daniel Fugenschuh Architekt
Office Under the Garden by Daniel Fugenschuh Architekt
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25.小丘桑拿浴室，意大利 / noa*
Applesauce / noa*
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住宅

26.夯土墙建筑，澳大利亚 / Luigi Rosselli Architects
The Great Wall of WA / Luigi Rosselli Architects
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27.贝斯基德山住宅，波兰 / Medusa Group
House in the Bieszczady by Medusa Group
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28.Sikamino屋檐豪宅，希腊 / Tense Architecture Network
Residence in Sikamino / Tense Architecture Network
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29.独立住宅，葡萄牙 / Contaminar
The Hill Cork House / Contaminar
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30.度假小屋，荷兰 / B-ILD
Bunker-holiday house / B-ILD
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点击查看更多覆土建筑案例
More Earth-Sheltered Architecture Projects Click Below
覆土建筑 Earth-Sheltered Architecture

编辑：石安

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